A major question comes up often during estate planning for seniors in determining what to do with the primary residence. There are many choices, but the actual selection will depend heavily on the ultimate goal of the client. Typical client goals include basic estate planning, probate avoidance, home management in the event of incompetency, benefits planning (Medicaid/VA), asset protection planning, and estate and income tax planning. Let's review strategies in each of these situations.

The most common form of ownership of the primary residence by a husband and wife is as tenants by the entirety or similar legal ownership. By state law, this provides asset protection during life as 100 percent of the property will convey to the surviving spouse without any liens attached by a deceased spouse’s liabilities. Obviously for single individuals no asset protection is provided and non-spousal joint tenancy may protect the assets for the surviving joint tenant, subject only to Medicaid and IRS's right to recovery. The most typical funding strategy is to transfer the primary residence to a revocable living trust (RLT) to avoid probate. Some states also allow payable-on-death deeds (ladybird deeds) or heirship deeds. While funding the home to a revocable trust or these other strategies avoid probate and could provide post death asset protection (RLT), they do not effectively provide protection "during life".

Another primary strategy is to convey the home to an irrevocable trust. These are typically done when clients are interested in estate tax savings or asset protection. The primary question relates to whether the irrevocable trust is a "grantor trust" or a "non-grantor trust” for tax purposes. Traditionally, estate tax reduction trusts are non-grantor trusts and the home would maintain its "carry over tax basis" to the beneficiaries of the trust thereby creating a capital gains tax on the difference between the sales value and the original price paid by the grantor who conveyed it to the trust. In contrast, a grantor trust that retains rights that include the value of the irrevocable trust in the estate of the deceased grantor, would receive a "step up" in basis after the death of the grantor. While these serve estate and income tax needs, they often may conflict with benefits planning, such as for Medicaid and/or veterans' benefits. In addition, one must be cautious in conveying a principle residence to a RLT or irrevocable trust as it could defeat any real property tax exemptions. The client is eligible for when the property is owned in the client’s name. You need to confirm with your local assessor on the impact of the credits upon funding the home to the trust chosen.

Medicaid and veterans' benefits, on the other hand, have additional restrictions above and beyond the tax and legal restrictions regarding trusts. Putting a personal residence in an irrevocable trust for Medicaid can provide asset protection during lifetime but doing so creates a uncompensated transfer which affects future eligibility. Another question in funding the personal residence is whether to retain a reserved life estate in the deed and convey the remainder to the trust or to convey the whole residence to the trust and maintain a right for the grantor to live there inside the trust document. This is often avoids the loss of any real property tax credits but if the home is sold during the grantor’s lifetime, then the grantor's pro rata ownership (lifetime interest) proceeds would be considered “available” in determining the grantor's ongoing Medicaid eligibility.

In contrast to Medicaid planning, planning for VA benefits has additional considerations. A veteran can convey their home to an irrevocable “grantor” trust without consequence. The caution, however, is if the residence is sold during the grantor's lifetime and converted to an income producing asset (cash, stocks, ect.) it would thereafter trigger the asset value in determining the veteran's future benefit eligibility.

Planning for the home appears simple but is absolutely essential that the overall client goal is identified before determining where to fund the home. Understanding these strategies are essential.

If you would like to learn more about irrevocable trust (iPug Trust) join our FREE webinar Thursday, February 12th at 8 EST click here to register now. During this webinar you'll discover:

Learn the difference between General Asset Protection, DAPT Protection, Medicaid Protection and iPug® Protection
Comprehensive outline of the 2 primary iPug® Protection Strategies
Learn why clients choose single purpose Irrevocable Pure Grantor Trusts™ over LLCs
Learn how it all comes down to Funding

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David J. Zumpano, Esq, CPA, Co-founder Lawyers With Purpose, Founder and Senior Partner of Estate Planning Law Center

Many lawyers doing Medicaid qualification for their clients often get confused between the snapshot date and lookback date. These dates are not only confused by lawyers, but also often by the Medicaid departments processing the application. So let's set it straight. 42 US 1396r-5 (c) states the snapshot date occurs on the first day of the month in which a Medicaid applicant reached thirty days of "continuous institutionalization". Continuous institutionalization is identified as thirty consecutive days in an institution of care. These include hospitals, nursing homes, VA facilities, or the like.

If an individual enters a hospital on January 15, is discharged on January 30, enters a nursing home on February 5, and applies for Medicaid on March 1, no snapshot date has occurred. Why? It's simple. Thirty continuous days of institutionalization has not occurred by March 1. By virtue of the discharge from the hospital on January 30 and readmission to the nursing home on February 5, a lag occurred, restarting the 30 day period. Since they entered the nursing home February 5, and applied March 1, no snapshot date is set because thirty continuous days has not occurred.

Continuing, if the client stays in the nursing home through March 5, then the snapshot date would be February 1, the first day of the month in which the applicant entered a facility for thirty days of continuous institutionalization. The significance of the snapshot date is it represents the date Medicaid will look at all financial assets owned by the Medicaid applicant and spouse in determining whether or not they are eligible for benefits. In this case, Medicaid would take a "snapshot" of all assets owned by the applicant and spouse on February 1 and use this information to determine the client's individual resource allowance, the community spouse resource allowance, and the client's net available monthly income that can be used for the cost of care.

What makes all this confusing is, although the federal statute is clear as outlined above, most states treat the “lookback date”, as the "snapshot date." The lookback date is entirely different; it is the date when applicant resides in a nursing home AND applies for Medicaid benefits. In this case the lookback date does not occur until the Medicaid applicant applies for Medicaid. Since they are already in the nursing home, they would have to apply for benefits to establish the lookback date.

In this case, if an application was filed, the lookback date would also be March 1, the first day of the month of application after admission. In many cases clients come to you long after the snapshot date and in many cases may have been residing in a nursing home for many, many months, before they apply for Medicaid so no lookback has been established. The lookback date has a use and different significance than the snapshot date. While the snapshot is used to calculate all the allowable exemptions, the lookback date is used to establish the date at which Medicaid will look back sixty months at all financial data of an applicant to determine if there were any uncompensated transfers.

Understanding these key definitions is critical in having an effective Medicaid practice, but more importantly, to get your clients confident they will be eligible in the timeframe you identify. To learn more about Asset Protection and Medicaid Planning for your estate or elder law practice, consider joining us next week in Charlotte, NC, for our Practice With Purpose Program. We'll be covering this and so much more just on Day 1! We'll also be allowing a test drive in the room to review our drafting software!

David J. Zumpano, Esq, CPA, Co-founder Lawyers With Purpose, Founder and Senior Partner of Estate Planning Law Center

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Posts tagged: Estate Drafting Software

How To Plan For The Home The Right Way

How To Distinguish The Snapshot Date From The Look Back Date

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